The economy is a system where we transform raw materials into manufactured products. There has been several industrial revolutions affecting the way we understand the economy.
Here is a mindmap.
To understand the industrial revolution and all the changes that happened in our economy you can watch these videos.
Here is a longer documentary about the industrial revolution that you can also watch to improve your listening skills.
Here is a simple explanation of the three sectors of the economy.
Primary: we extract raw materials: mining, fishing, farming and forestry.
Secondary: we transform raw materials into manufactured products ready to sell.
Tertiary: services including transportation.
As we said the primary sector has four groups: Farming, Fishing, Mining and Forestry.
Remember: Arable Farming produces CROPS and other products. Irrigated Farming is when the farmers have to water their CROPS.
Deep-sea Fishing takes place far from the coast and uses big ships.
A QUARRY is an open mine where coal and minerals are extracted.
The secondary sector transforms raw materials like wood or metals into manufactured products. Normally this happens in factories. Therefore we have industries. The car industry, the textile industry, toy industry, the steel industry, etc.
The secondary sector became more important after the first industrial revolution which happened around 1784 with the invention of the steam engine.
A textile factory at the beginning of the XIX Century.
If you want to know more about the first industrial revolution you can search on the internet or watch this video.
THE SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Thomas Edison was an important inventor in the second industrial revolution. He invented the light bulb and people started to use electricity in their homes.
Three things that made possible the SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION were:
The use of electricity and the invention of the lamp
The invention of the telephone
The first cars with internal combustion
CLUE: In the secondary sector, different types of products are produced. Some products are used to make other products. This type of products is called an intermediate product.
A lot of people don't watch the news today on TV. They find out what's happening from the internet. But it's still important to watch the news because they talk about events in more detail.
In our country everybody is interested in the weather. That's because it's always different. One day it's raining, and the next it's sunny and warm.
Talent show
Do you watch the new show Don't laugh?
Is it a comedy show?
No, it's a talent show.
My brother is the only boy I know that doesn't like football. He prefers going for walks and playing chess. You're lucky! My brothers are always watching live sports. I never get to see my favourite soap operas!
Why don't they ask more difficult questions on these quiz shows? They always start with easy questions to give the teams confidence.
Quiz show
Now you can also watch some news from TV:
The news normally tells you what is happening around the world or in your local area. Remember that one pound has 100 pence, and in singular we call it a penny.
A gerund is a noun made from a
verb by adding "-ing." Infinitives are the "to" form of the
verb. It can be tricky to remember which verbs are followed by the infinitive
(the to form) of the verb and which are followed by the gerund (the ing form)
of the verb.
You can practive with this.
Try to remember that:
Gerunds are often used when
actions are real, fixed, or completed. "I enjoy cooking."
Infinitives are often used
when actions are unreal, abstract, or future: "He wants to swim."
Another example:
Five hundreds years ago it was
impossible to travel long distances quickly.
Juan Sebastián de Elcano was the firts navigator whose
expedition completed the circumnavigation of the globe. He had been born in the
Basque town of Guetaria in 1476 and died of scurvy in the Pacific Ocean in
1526.
Having participated in Cardinal Cisneros’ campaign that
resulted in the conquest of Oran, he took up residence in Seville, where in
1519 he joined the expedition being organised by the Portuguese explorer Fernando
de Magallanes. Equipped with five ships, its aim was to sail west and find a
route around southern America to reach the Spice Islands.
The fleet discovered what is now the Strait of Magallanes
and, enduring much hardship, was the first to cross the Pacific Ocean.
Magallanes was killed in the Philippines in an attack on a
native settlement and Elcano took over command of the last remaining ship, the
Victoria. Reaching the Moluccas in late 1521, he sailed across the Indian Ocean
and finally reached the Atlantic.
After almost three years and having covered a distance of
14,000 leagues, the ship reached Sanlúcar de Barrameda on September 6th 1522
and Seville two days later.
Although the Victoria arrived laden with spices, the
expedition’s original crew of 285 had been reduced to 18 famished and weakened seamen.
The Spanish navigator thus completed the first historically
documented circumnavigation of the globe.
The Emperor Carlos V received the survivors at Valladolid,
rewarding Juan Sebastián Elcano with an annuity of 500 gold ducats and granting
him a crest depicting a globe with the motto Primus circumdedisti me
(‘You were the first to circumnavigate me’).
In the present day the Spanish Navy’s training vessel is
named after him, thus honouring his leading role in epic voyage.
Here are some videos about this journey. This one is more focused on Magallanes.
Strawberries
Bananas
Yogurt (I prefer skimmed with pear)
Nuts (a bunch)
A bit of sugar (optional)
Blueberries
Here is all you need!
Method
Wash under water the strawberries and cut them as you like. Put some in a crystal bowl usable for microwave.
Cut the banana and put it into the bowl. Put it all in the microwave for one minute aprox.
Use the microwave from 30 seconds to 1 minute or more.
It should be warm and soft but not too liquid.
After, put some sugar and the yogurt on top. With a spoon smash it a little but don't stir it. Then add the nuts and the blueberries.
If you want to have a closer look...
Enjoy!
It's very tasty and I love the combination of the yogurt, the strawberries and bananas with the nuts. It's delicious!! Now you can watch part two of this video:
Comparative adjectives are
used to compare differences between the two objects they modify (larger,
smaller, faster, higher). They are used in sentences where two nouns are
compared, in this pattern:
The second item of comparison
can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).
EXAMPLES
My house is larger than hers.
This box is smaller than the
one I lost.
Your dog runs faster than
Jim's dog.
The rock flew higher than the
roof.
Jim and Jack are both my
friends, but I like Jack better. ("than Jim" is understood)
SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES
Superlative adjectives are
used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality
(the tallest, the smallest, the fastest, the highest). They are used in
sentences where a subject is compared to a group of objects.
The group that is being compared
with can be omitted if it is clear from the context (final example below).
EXAMPLES
My house is the largest one in
our neighborhood.
This is the smallest box I've
ever seen.
Your dog ran the fastest of
any dog in the race.
We all threw our rocks at the
same time. My rock flew the highest. ("of all the rocks" is
understood)
FORMING REGULAR COMPARATIVES
AND SUPERLATIVES
Forming comparatives and
superlatives is easy. The form depends on the number of syllables in the
original adjective.
ONE SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES
Add -er for the comparative
and -est for the superlative. If the adjective has a consonant + single vowel +
consonant spelling, the final consonant must be doubled before adding the
ending.
Population density is the
number of people per square kilometer. Commonly this may be calculated for a
county, city or a country.
Fertility Rate
Fertility rate is the total
number of children born in a family.
Life expectancy
The number of years in average
that we can live. In modern societies with health care, vaccines and better
eating habits and medicines, people can expect to live more years.
Ethnic Group
A group of people that have in
common a language, background culture, or some history or even a some genetic
characteristics.
Pyramid Graph
This pyramid chart is wider in
the middle. The chart shows us that the population is decreasing at the moment.
The age group with the most females is 40–44 . In the past, there was a rapid
increase in population.
Remember that when we say increase we mean that something is growing.
Do you know what is life expectancy?
Do you know the population of Europe?
Europe has a population of 741 million people. That's a lot! Europe has more people than the United States.
Here I leave you a couple of songs that fit in our goals about learning the process of photosynthesis.
The first one is really catchy!
The second one goes into more details and I think isn't as catchy as the first one but it's also a decent try to explain the photosynthesis by using a song.
