The periodic table*

The periodic table is a system for arranging the chemical elements. The chemical elements are the basic substances that make up all matter.

Use this colors in your project

Here is an example of how to do it.

An example

Here's a video, my mask was crooked!

Each chemical element has a particular feature called its atomic number. That number comes from the amount of tiny particles called protons in each atom of the element. For this you must remember what is an atom. We saw this in class. Remember?

Please draw the atom in your notebook. Here's a cool video talking about the atom:

Here is a picture of the periodic table:

Watch this video. It's a song that will help you understand the periodic table.

Here is a video that explains very well what is the periodic table.

Activity: to become familiar with all this, now you have to draw the elements that we saw in class. With the colours from the first table on the top. 

I hope you enjoy this! 🌝

Franco's Dictatorship and Democracy

 

In the general elections of 1977, Adolfo Suáres won with his political party called UCD (Unión de Centro Democrático). In 1978 was approved a new Constitution.

The Constitution of 1978 is one of about a dozen of other historical Spanish constitutions and constitution-like documents; however, it is one of two fully democratic constitutions. 

The promulgation of the constitution marked the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy after the death of general Francisco Franco, on 20 November 1975, who ruled over Spain as a military dictator for nearly 40 years. This led to the country undergoing a series of political, social and historical changes that transformed the Franco's regime into a democratic state.

Magnetism

Magnetism is an invisible force or field caused by the unique properties of certain materials. In most objects, electrons spin in different, random directions. This causes them to cancel each other out over time. However, magnets are different. 

In magnets the molecules are uniquely arranged so that their electrons spin in the same direction. This arrangement of atoms creates two poles in a magnet, a North-seeking pole and a South-seeking pole.

The Earth is a giant magnet At the center of the Earth spins the Earth's core. The core is made up of mostly iron. The outer portion of the core is liquid iron that spins and makes the earth into a giant magnet. This is where we get the names for the north and south poles. These poles are actually the positive and negative poles of the Earth's giant magnet. 

This is very useful to us here on Earth as it lets us use magnets in compasses to find our way and make sure we are heading in the right direction. It's also useful to animals such as birds and whales who use the Earth's magnetic field to find the right direction when migrating. Perhaps the most important feature of the Earth's magnetic field is that it protects us from the Sun's solar wind and radiation.

Magnets can be used for:

Temporarily mounting objects to other ferromagnetic material

Creating a compass

Building speakers and microphones

Recording data, video, or audio on tapes or other magnetic data storage systems like hard drives

Toys

Pickups on electric guitars

Magnetic strips on credit, debit, and other banking cards

Electric motors

Moving large pieces of scrap metal, such as cars

Mag-lev (or “magnetic levitation”) trains 

Generating electricity

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI’s)

Second Republic and The Civil War

 

The Civil War

The Battle of Ebro

In April 1938 the Nationalist Army broke through the Republican defences and reached the sea. General Francisco Franco now moved his troops towards Valencia with the objective of encircling Madrid and the central front.

The Battle of the Ebro

Juan Negrin, in an attempt to relieve the pressure on the Spanish capital, ordered an attack across the fast-flowing Ebro. General Juan Modesto, a member of the Communist Party (PCE), was placed in charge of the offensive. Over 80,000 Republican troops, including the 15th International Brigade and the British Battalion, began crossing the river in boats on 25th July. The men then moved forward towards Corbera and Gandesa.

On 26th July the Republican Army attempted to capture Hill 481, a key position at Gandesa. Hill 481 was well protected with barbed wire, trenches and bunkers. The Republicans suffered heavy casualties and after six days was forced to retreat to Hill 666 on the Sierra Pandols. It successfully defended the hill from a Nationalist offensive in September but once again large numbers were killed.

On 23rd September, Juan Negrin, head of the Republican government, announced at the League of Nations in Geneva that the International Brigades would be unilaterally withdrawn from Spain. That night the 15th Brigade and the British Battalion moved back across the River Ebro and began their journey out of the country.

The rest of the Republican Army remained and had to endure continuous attacks from the Condor Legion. General Gonzalo Queipo de Llano also brought forward 500 cannon which fired an average of 13,500 rounds a day at the Republicans. By the middle of November, the Republicans were forced to retreat.

During the battle of Ebro the Nationalist Army had 6,500 killed and nearly 30,000 wounded. These were the worst casualties of the war but it finally destroyed the Republican Army as a fighting force.

Electromagnetism

The word "electromagnetism" in physics is used to describe one of the fundamental forces of nature.

 This force is between subatomic particles such as protons and electrons. It helps to hold matter together. 

Electromagnetism is also used to describe how a magnetic field is created by the flowing of electric current. 

St. Patrick's day

Saint Patrick's Day (also St. Patrick's Day and Paddy's Day) is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of cultural and religious celebration for Irish people. 

It is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. The feasting and celebrations include traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Green is the color that is associated with Saint Patrick's Day as it is the national color of Ireland. 

People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. A tradition of the day is to pinch those who are not wearing green. The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. New York City has a large parade on Saint Patrick's Day.

Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from his book Declaration, which is mostly biographical. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. 

His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, he was kidnapped at the age of sixteen by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland. He spent six years there working as a shepherd and during this time he found God. 

The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.

According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelizing in the northern half of Ireland and helped convert thousands to Christianity. 

Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into a legend in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland. Since Ireland never had any snakes, one theory about this story is that God used Saint Patrick to drive the pagan religions out of Ireland.

Tradition holds that he died on March 17, 461, and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew about Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.

Spain in the XX Century

 

These is what we are going to study in this unit:

Types of illnesses

 Here I will explain you what is an illness and what two different types of illnesses there are. An illness could be defined as a unhealthy condition of the body or the mind. 

A virus is a micro-organism (It is a not living thing, neither a non living thing) that causes infections such as the common cold, bronchiolitis, tonsillitis, ear infections, influenza, mumps and chickenpox. There are hundreds of different viruses. Colds are very common in healthy children and on average, preschool children get at least six colds per year.

An easy example of an infectious illnesses ir influenza or COVID. 

If you want to know more about the influenza virus click here. 

Not all diseases are contagious. A disease that is not contagious is called a noninfectious disease. These diseases are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are likely to have causes such as lifestyle factors, environmental toxins, or gene mutations. Common types of noninfectious diseases include cancer, diabetes, and immune system diseases.

Cancer

Cancer is a disease in which cells divide out of control. Normally, the body has ways to prevent cells from dividing out of control. However, in the case of cancer, these ways fail. The rapidly dividing cells may form a mass of abnormal tissue called a tumor.

I hoe you enjoy this unit.

Basic Healthy Habits and dangers

 

The best thing to do with smoking is never try IT and never start smoking not even a single one. It is a very strong addiction and once you start you can never stop or it is very difficult to stop. Smoke has thousands of toxic substances that affect your health and can provoke cancer, heart problems, strokes and a decrease in the amount of oxygen that is in your blood plus many other problems. 

NEVER EVER SMOKE!

Drugs

Cigarettes and Alcohol

Cigarettes and alcohol are two legal drugs. That, of course, doesn’t mean that they are good as we have seen even if they are socially accepted or you know people that consume them (In Spain, adults 18 and older can buy cigarettes and can buy alcohol.) But smoking and excessive drinking are not healthy for adults and are off limits for kids. 

Illegal Drugs

When people talk about a "drug problem," they usually mean abusing legal drugs or using illegal drugs, such as marijuana (also called weed), ecstasy, cocaine, LSD, crystal meth, and heroin to get "high."

Why Are Illegal Drugs Dangerous?

Illegal drugs aren't good for anyone, but they are particularly bad for a kid or teen whose body is still growing. Illegal drugs can damage the brain, heart, and other important organs. Cocaine, for instance, can cause a heart attack — even in a kid or teen.

While using drugs, people are also less able to do well in school, sports, and other activities. It's often harder to think clearly and make good decisions. People can do dumb or dangerous things that could hurt them — or other people — when they use drugs.

Why Do People Use Illegal Drugs?

Sometimes kids and teens try drugs to fit in with a group of friends. Or they might be curious or just bored. Someone may use illegal drugs for many reasons, but often because they help the person escape from reality for a while. A drug might — temporarily — make someone who is sad or upset feel better or forget about problems. But this escape lasts only until the drug wears off.

Drugs don't solve problems. Using drugs often causes other problems on top of the problems the person had in the first place. Somebody who uses drugs can become dependent on them, or addicted. This means that the person's body becomes so accustomed to having this drug that he or she can't function well without it.

Once someone is addicted, it's very hard to stop taking drugs. Stopping can cause withdrawal symptoms, such as vomiting (throwing up), sweating, and tremors (shaking). These sick feelings continue until the person's body gets adjusted to being drug free again.

Can I Tell If Someone Is Using Drugs?

If someone is using drugs, you might notice changes in how the person looks or acts. Here are some of those signs, but it's important to remember that depression or another problem could be causing these changes. Somebody using drugs might: lose interest in school, change friends (to hang out with kids who use drugs), become moody, negative, cranky, or worried all the time, ask to be left alone a lot, have trouble concentrating, sleep a lot (maybe even in class), get in fights, have red or puffy eyes, lose or gain weight, cough a lot or have a runny nose all of the time.

What Can I Do to Help?

If you think someone is using drugs, the best thing to do is to tell an adult that you trust. This could be a parent, other relative, teacher, coach, or school counselor. The person might need professional help to stop using drugs. A grownup can help the person find the treatment needed to stop using drugs. Another way kids can help kids is by choosing not to try or use drugs. It's a good way for friends to stick together.

 

Understanding drugs and why you should NOT consume them

Think that drugs will never solve your problems, make you a better person or increase your chances of having success in your social, working or personal life. On the opposite, it will easily ruin your life and the life of the people that love you. 

DRUGS ARE VERY DANGEROUS.