History: The XIX Century in Spain

The 19th century in Spain was a turbulent period marked by significant political, social, and economic changes. Let's explore the key events and transitions that shaped Spain during this time.

Early 19th Century:

1. Napoleonic Invasion and War of Independence (1808-1814): The 19th century in Spain began with the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte's French forces in 1808. This event sparked the Spanish War of Independence, a brutal conflict between Spanish guerrilla fighters and French troops. The war, fueled by nationalist sentiments and opposition to French rule, led to widespread devastation but ultimately resulted in the expulsion of French forces from Spain in 1814. The Empecinado, El cura Merino o Manuela Malasaña were prominent figures in this war.

Napoleón

2. Fernando VII and Absolutism: Following the end of the War of Independence, Fernando VII ascended to the Spanish throne. His reign was characterized by a return to absolutist rule, marked by the suppression of liberal and constitutionalist movements that had emerged during the war.

3. First Carlist War (1833-1840): The death of Fernando VII in 1833 sparked a succession crisis known as the Carlist Wars. Supporters of Ferdinand's brother, Infante Carlos, known as Carlists, contested the succession of Ferdinand's daughter, Isabella II, leading to a prolonged conflict between Carlist forces and supporters of Isabella II's claim to the throne. The First Carlist War ended in 1840 with Isabel II firmly established as queen.

Mid-19th Century:

4. Isabel II and the Liberal Era: Isabel II's reign saw the emergence of liberal and constitutionalist movements in Spain. Despite facing numerous political challenges, including military uprisings and palace intrigues, Isabella II's government implemented significant reforms aimed at modernizing Spain's institutions and economy.

Isabel II

5. Industrialization and Urbanization: The 19th century also witnessed the beginnings of industrialization in Spain, particularly in regions such as Catalonia and the Basque Country. The growth of industry spurred urbanization as people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of employment opportunities.

6. The First Spanish Republic (1873-1874): In 1873, discontent with the monarchy and political instability culminated in the establishment of the First Spanish Republic. However, the republic faced internal divisions and external pressures, leading to its collapse after less than a year in power.

Late 19th Century:

7. Bourbon Restoration: Following the collapse of the First Spanish Republic, Spain experienced a period of political instability. In 1874, a military coup led by General Arsenio Martínez Campos restored the Bourbon monarchy with the coronation of Alfonso XII as king. The Bourbon Restoration ushered in a period of relative stability and economic growth.

8. Alfonso XII and the Sagasta System: Alfonso XII's reign saw the establishment of the Sagasta System, named after liberal politician Práxedes Mateo Sagasta. This system aimed to promote political stability through a rotation of power between liberal and conservative parties, facilitating the transition to a constitutional monarchy.

Alfonso XII

9. Economic Modernization: The late 19th century also witnessed ongoing economic modernization efforts in Spain, including infrastructure development, expansion of the railway network, and growth of banking and finance sectors. These changes laid the groundwork for Spain's further integration into the global economy.

10. End of the Century: By the end of the 19th century, Spain had undergone significant transformations politically, socially, and economically. The country had emerged from the shadows of foreign invasions and internal conflicts to become a more stable and modern nation, albeit one still grappling with social inequality and regional disparities.

In summary, the 19th century in Spain was a period of upheaval and transition, characterized by wars, political conflicts, and efforts at modernization. The legacy of this century-long process continues to shape Spain's identity and trajectory into the present day.

Reproduction (Part 2)

 

Contemporary Ages (Introduction)

 In this unit we will study the Contemporary Ages. That is History. But... why do we study History?

What do you think you can learn when you study History? Ask the oldest members in your family about what things they remember from when they were very young. They can tell you things about History.

Every country has a complex History. Lots of things happened. In some way History and Geography are related. But how? Think about it!!!

Now, we can start with the contemporary ages. All these other periods you have already studied them in primary education. This year we will study mainly the XIX and the XX century, starting with the French Revolution. 

The Reproduction Function (Unit 3)

Reproduction generally means the action or process of making a copy of something. Human reproduction specifically is a natural instance of humans making new humans (offspring) or giving birth to new humans (babies). 

Reproduction is necessary for the continuity of humans. Without it, humans will no longer exist as there will be no replacement when we grow very old and die.

Human reproduction involves a male and a female, and traditionally, the interaction of both male and female organs starts the process. This interaction involves the use of the male and female organs.

Here you have all the definitions. Look at the picture and try to explain each one the parts of the female reproductive organ. 

The menstrual cycle prepares your body for pregnancy. If you are not pregnant, your hormones send a signal to your uterus to shed its lining. This becomes your period. Once you start your period, the cycle starts again.

A menstrual cycle is measured from the first day of your period to the first day of your next period. The average length of a menstrual cycle is 28 days, but every woman’s cycle is different. For example, teenagers might have cycles that last 45 days, whereas women in their 20s to 30s might have cycles that last 21 to 38 days.

Your first period is called menarche. In Western countries, the average age for a first period is 12 to 13, but it can start as early as nine and as late as 16.

Your last period is called menopause. The average age for women to reach menopause is around 51 to 52. Some women might reach menopause as late as 60.

The male reproductive organ: do the same. Read the definitions and try to explain the different parts and what they do. 

With all this information make a mindmap.